9 O4 h5 M+ ]) b# C& _ 你知道吗?地球上70%的面积都是海洋。 $ I: h# L6 f& ?9 g
说起藏在大海深处的宝藏,首先浮现在你脑海中的是不是电影《加勒比海盗》?
4 ^9 x5 B# x5 c1 a! R+ P1 \- c, y 但还有另外一波人:专业性极强,常年在水下挖宝。他们,就是水下考古学家。 9 ~( \) i- ?4 u3 R
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考古学家在进行水下考古 图源:CFP
, q9 B; O3 v2 v! I- c2 Q Think of underwater treasure and your mind may well instantly fly to the idea of buccaneers on the high seas and looking for sunken ships laden with gold coins. However, another group of professionals, archaeologists, have often cast their eyes seaward in search of the big find, which is not really surprising given that 70 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. . C- l5 e d% W1 ~3 f) Q/ U
发现“宝藏船”
% S* t# u8 T6 f2 W! U 1987年夏天,人们在广东省阳江市所属海域发现了一条南宋时期的沉船。这艘长约30米,宽约10米的沉船正是后来被命名为“南海一号”的“宝藏船”。 $ u8 f' @) c+ l& v
In August 1987, a commercial shipwreck dating back to the Southern Song Dynasty (960-1279) was discovered in the seas off Guangdong province, when a British company was looking for the merchant ship The Rheinburg. The ship, about 30 meters long and with a beam of 10 meters, was later named Nanhai No 1 (Nanhai is the Chinese for South China Sea).
; _# M# a) L& R# F/ [ 船内18万余件文物中,既有品相上好的瓷器,比如龙泉窑系青釉刻划花卉盘、清白釉印牡丹纹六棱带盖执壶等,也有各式金银铜钱。 ( M5 D$ i0 n, N/ E
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0 V D* c' \8 p) ^ 2019年5月30日,广东广州,“南海一号”沉船文物第一次在广州进行大规模展示。图为:金项饰,南宋(1127-1297年)“南海一号”沉船出水 图源:CFP 8 c# y8 v- o$ ?/ i6 W6 u
而那些在海水中穿越800多年时光,再次呈现在世人面前的动植物遗骸也让人啧啧称奇,比如一罐咸鸭蛋、一束槟榔。
1 u3 b4 I& n1 M b+ b1 I+ d9 \ 然而,由于当时的中国缺乏一支专业的水下考古队伍,“南海一号”的打捞和考古工作暂时搁置了。 & ?% c& a! C! d5 J( J, E
打捞“宝藏船”的过往
7 ^: _/ H/ d& x: y. L. S4 @ 1987年末,中国历史博物馆(现在的国家博物馆)下属成立了国家水下考古研究所,从北京和广东等地选派水下考古队员。
) ?; U& T( }- j: M: U& o, Y Three months after the discovery, China, lacking archaeologists who could dive, decided to establish an underwater archaeology research center at the China History Museum, now known as the National Museum, in Beijing. % E( S5 ^" k$ F8 R2 u
那么,是让考古人去学潜水,还是让潜水人去学考古呢? 7 z! C8 k) W. ^' A. K
“为了更快速和高效地筹建一支队伍,国家决定从当时的考古队员中选派身体素质好的,去学习潜水和水下考古知识”,彼时就职于广东省博物馆的考古学家崔勇回忆说。 6 g- v6 p- Y% N" [$ p3 V, ]
When the research center was founded, Cui Yong, a field archaeologist at the Guangdong Museum in Guangzhou, applied to work at the research center, eventually becoming one of nine archaeologists from Beijing and Guangdong who passed a rigorous physical examination. 当水下考古研究所成立时,就职于广东省博物馆的田野考古学家崔勇主动申请到所里工作。最终,来自北京和广东的9名考古学家通过了严苛的体检,崔勇是其中之一。 0 }( O+ J, }- Y# e W
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2007年12月24日, 在广东闸坡银临时码头, 托承着在海底沉睡了800多年的“南海一号”古船的潜驳船, 在月满潮高时靠岸 图源:CFP ' f' j$ G6 U/ l1 a O
1989年,崔勇和另外10名来自广东、山东、福建和广西的考古学家一起在青岛参加潜水课程的集训。
K2 X5 T/ t+ K! m) l- \+ q 崔勇说:“和田野考古不同,水下考古对团队协作要求更高,队员之间要有充分的信任。” . w" f z( F3 ?, f0 e
“Being a good diver is not enough,” Cui says. “Trust between colleagues and teamwork is critical when you’re working underwater.”
" t& V) K- s6 D8 t5 |. w: Y# ] 在水下考古时,队员们两人一组,在进行考古测量作业的同时,也要随时关注同伴的手势,身上的仪器以及身边水域的变化。 4 o" ?7 q9 Q6 f: ?7 B/ V
Underwater archaeologists work in pairs so they can properly deal with potential situations such as equipment breakdown and water disturbance. / B7 b" U* I* F' g# Y' s$ `
从1990年到2000年,崔勇和水下考古队的同事们沿着中国的海岸线进行了不少水下考古工作,一方面摸清“家底”,同时也为“南海一号”的水下考古工作积累经验。
+ K" s, m) c' Q3 v( M 2001年,搁置了多年的“南海一号”考古工作重新开启。 0 A4 e8 _9 @3 V! G) J
崔勇介绍道,“‘南海一号’船体因为被埋在3米多深的淤泥中,因此保护得特别好。但因为船体附近海域能见度低,加上淤泥,为考古工作增加了不少难度。” }* U" _2 p: A$ ?$ }
“The ship is well preserved because it was buried under thick mud,” Cui says. “However, it is that very mud, as well as low visibility, that adds difficulty to archaeological work.” % V" i: ? _3 B; b
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2002年崔勇在“南海一号”水下考古现场调查 4 i+ V( S, A9 H. [' O: q
采取何种打捞方式取决于船体的状态、价值以及周围水域的状况。 2 x- T/ E: L5 }+ _7 l
“What method archaeologists use depends on the condition and value of the ship, its environment and other considerations,” Cui says.
: f+ s% v0 p+ m7 b 2007年发现的“南澳一号”因船体沉没海域清澈度高,则被留在了大海里,船体用透明玻璃罩保护了起来。
' B9 {& A: ?0 A1 r* ?7 K 在海南被发现的“华光礁一号”则是在水下先被拆解,后在陆上重新组装,现在海南博物馆展出。 0 u) ?2 j7 x/ U8 h; s: ^' u
和“南澳一号”和“华光礁一号”不同的是,水下考古专家们决定对“南海一号”实施整体打捞的方式,意味着整艘船和其中的文物都将被打捞上来。 - E" [) e' R. k; S- j/ w7 y
In dealing with the wreck of Nan’ao No 1, found in the waters of Guangdong in 2007, the ship was left in the place it was found because it was only 1.5 meters under water and could be seen clearly. However, the wreck of Huaguangjiao No 1, found in the waters of Hainan, was dissembled underwater and reassembled on land. 2 c9 x$ i6 n- |$ B' q
未完待续的水下考古
: N2 a2 [/ r' E. g: m 因“南海一号”沉船的重大历史意义和其中众多的文物,2004年,在“南海一号”预备进行整体打捞的同时,海上丝绸之路博物馆也进入了筹建阶段。
4 S$ q# ]* p6 |! ?& H1 y 2007年,“南海一号”被顺利打捞出海。至此,从它被发现已经过去了30年……
) I3 V) Z: j2 w, J: B7 Y D4 U- d “南海一号”是迄今为止世界上发现的历史最悠久,面积最大以及保存的最完整的水下沉船。 3 b1 [5 H. P; z/ Y
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2 a! f q, M, @3 K 2018年8月22日,航拍广东阳江,海陵岛南海一号沉船博物馆 图源:CFP
$ q; r' ^- N9 \/ k3 z" k 位于广东省阳江市海陵岛的广东海上丝绸之路博物馆也为当地经济社会发展和旅游业带来了新的机遇。 7 R; Y4 Z5 |3 k. E$ O% `0 A6 i
Nanhai No 1 remains the oldest, largest and best-preserved commercial shipwreck in the world that has been recovered from the sea. The construction of the museum also became pivotal in driving the economic development of the city of Yangjiang, of which Hailing Island is a part. ( {. a% \; s( ]
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. P* v) V6 q* d6 v 2007年崔勇在“南海一号”整体打捞出水现场 , K' N5 C w/ W7 t2 q' X' }
从一名20出头的小伙子,到明年即将退休,考古学家崔勇的一生都和“南海一号”的考古挖掘紧密联系在一起。
7 X d a/ N% o: `5 h, c “文物的挖掘工作即将告一段落,下一步我们的工作重点是如何保护和保存船体”,崔勇说。
0 t( n1 N! g) H2 j% _2 z3 K Cui, 59, will retire next year, much of his career having been closely connected with Nanhai No 1. “The excavation work is almost done, and the next plan is to preserveand protect the ship,” he says. 4 c6 {8 l6 [4 h z5 j
中国有一万八千多公里的海岸线,未来也许更多的沉船会被挖掘。 ( r( Y( I' ^. [6 U9 }1 o& V
这,也是中国水下考古学家们的梦想。
6 Z1 @8 S! a2 Y& a 记者:叶子蓁
, ?; `( h/ s1 U 编辑:左卓
* o0 m, Z' T& n- [ 实习编辑:李金昳
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