涉海涉湿部分来了！《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》12月19日获通过：划重点 - 海洋生物多样性保护计划进展

龚超群 · 发表于海洋科普 2024-6-11 00:24:12

经过艰苦的谈判，《2020年后全球生物多样性框架》（又称为《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》终于获得通过！

2022年12月19日（星期一）北京时间17:20，正在蒙特利尔参会的中国生物多样性保护与绿色发展基金会（简称中国绿发会、绿会）COP15代表团传来喜讯：联合国生物多样性大会通过了《昆明-蒙特利尔生物多样性框架》的2030年的4项目标和23项指标！

该重要的十年框架为未来全球生物多样性保护设定了目标、明确了路径。现将框架的涉海、涉湿地的部分，“海洋与湿地”（OceanWetlands）小编认真梳理如下：

【目标1】

确保所有地区都处于参与性综合生物多样性的融合空间规划和/或有效的管理过程中，以应对土地和海洋使用的变化，使具有高度生物多样性重要性的区域，包括具有高度生态完整性的生态系统，在2030年前接近零损失，同时尊重原住民和当地社区的权利。

【TARGET 1】

Ensure that all areas are under participatory integrated biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land and sea use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

【目标2】

确保到2030年，至少有30%的陆地、内陆水域、沿海和海洋生态系统退化区域得到有效恢复，以持续改善生物多样性、生态系统的功能与服务、及生态完整性与连通性。

【TARGET 2】

Ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.

【目标3】

确保到2030年，至少30%的陆地、内陆水域、沿海和海洋地区，特别是对生物多样性和生态系统功能和服务特别重要的地区，能够通过具有生态代表性、联系紧密和公平管理的保护地体系和其他有效的区域保护措施（OECMs）得到有效保护和管理。在适用的情况下承认土著和传统领土，并将其纳入更广泛的景观、海景和海洋，同时确保这些地区的任何可持续利用与保护成果完全一致，承认和尊重土著人民和当地社区的权利，包括对其传统领土的权利。

【TARGET 3】

Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.

【目标8】

通过缓解、适应和减少灾害风险的行动，包括通过基于自然的解决方案和/或基于生态系统的方法，最大限度地减少气候变化和海洋酸化对生物多样性的影响，提高其复原力，同时最大限度地减少气候行动对生物多样性的负面影响并促进其积极影响。

【TARGET 8】

Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solution and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.

【目标10】

确保农业、水产养殖业、渔业和林业领域得到可持续的管理，特别是通过对生物多样性的可持续利用，包括大幅增加对生物多样性友好的做法的应用，如可持续集约化、农业生态和其他有助于提高这些生产系统的复原力、长期效率和生产力以及粮食安全的创新方法，保护和恢复生物多样性，维持自然对人类的贡献，包括生态系统的功能和服务。

【TARGET 10】

Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversity friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.

绿会代表与非洲青年。绿会代表团Fred摄

全球生物多样性框架（GBF）旨在响应生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）于2019年发布的《生物多样性与生态系统服务全球评估报告》、以及联合国第五版《全球生物多样性展望》(GBO-5)，许多其他科学文献提供了充分的证据表明了：尽管正在努力，但全球生物多样性正在以人类历史上前所未有的速度每况愈下。正如IPBES全球评估报告所述：

评估的动物和植物群中平均约25%的物种受到威胁，这表明约100万种物种已经面临灭绝，许多物种在几十年内就会灭绝，除非采取行动降低生物多样性丧失的驱动因素的强度。如果不采取这些行动，全球物种灭绝的速度将进一步加快，这一速度已经比过去1000万年的平均水平高出数十至数百倍。

整个人类赖以生存的生物圈正以前所未有的程度在所有空间尺度上发生变化。生物多样性——物种内部、物种之间和生态系统的多样性——的下降比人类历史上任何时候都要快。自然界可以得到保护、恢复并实现可持续利用，而其他全球社会目标也可以通过促进变革的紧急和一致的努力而同时达成。

对全球影响最大的自然界变化的直接驱动因素是（从影响最大的开始）：土地和海洋使用的变化、对生物的直接利用、气候变化、污染和外来物种的入侵。这五个直接驱动因素是由一系列潜在的原因，即变化的间接驱动因素造成的，而这些原因又是由社会价值观和行为所支撑的（......），直接和间接驱动因素的变化速度在不同地区和国家之间有所不同。

2. The global biodiversity framework seeks to respond to the Global Assessment Report of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services issued by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in 2019,14 fifth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook, and many other scientific documents provide ample evidence that, despite ongoing efforts, biodiversity is deteriorating worldwide at rates unprecedented in human history. As the IPBES Global Assessment report states:

An average of around 25 per cent of species in assessed animal and plant groups are threatened, suggesting that around 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken to reduce the intensity of drivers of biodiversity loss. Without such action, there will be a further acceleration in the global rate of species extinction, which is already at least tens to hundreds of times higher than it has averaged over the past 10 million years.

The biosphere, upon which humanity as a whole depends, is being altered to an unparalleled degree across all spatial scales. Biodiversity – the diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems – is declining faster than at any time in human history. Nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably while other global societal goals are simultaneously met through urgent and concerted efforts fostering transformative change.

The direct drivers of change in nature with the largest global impact have been (starting with those with the most impact) changes in land and sea use, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution and invasion of alien species. Those five direct drivers result from an array of underlying causes, the indirect drivers of change, which are, in turn, underpinned by social values and behaviours (...)The rate of change in the direct and indirect drivers differs among regions and countries.

（注：以上译文，仅供参考。供国内研究界先睹为快。）

涉海涉湿部分来了！《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》12月19日获通过：划重点 - 海洋生物多样性保护计划进展

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