海洋科普 | 海洋微生物腐蚀与生物污损最新研究进展及海洋防腐防污新途径

Recent research progress on marine microbial corrosion and biofouling and new approaches to marine corrosion and fouling prevention

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海洋覆盖了约70%的地球表面积，海洋运输支撑着世界贸易中90%的货物运输。因此，海洋资源和海洋产业已成为经济发展不可或缺的支柱之一。然而，海洋环境对于海洋工业中使用的金属和其他材料来说是一个极其恶劣的腐蚀环境。首先，海水本身是一种腐蚀性很强的电解质。其次，海洋环境复杂，海洋生物及其代谢产物会共同影响材料，造成腐蚀。
0 y! E7 z  r2 W& xThe ocean covers about 70% of the earth’s surface area, and marine transportation supports 90% of the goods transported in world trade. Therefore, marine resources and marine industries have become one of the indispensable pillars of economic development. However, the sea can terribly corrode metals and other materials used in the marine industry. First, seawater itself is a very corrosive electrolyte. Second, the marine environment is complex, and marine organisms and their metabolites can work together to affect materials and cause corrosion.

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海洋环境中发生的腐蚀是复杂的，因为发生的腐蚀过程多种多样，其中最特殊的是海洋生物种类繁多，包括微生物、植物和动物。海洋环境中发生的材料腐蚀有很大一部分 与材料、与海洋生物之间的相互作用有关。研究人员发现微生物影响腐蚀(MIC)和海洋生物污染两种主要机理。
The corrosion that occurs in the marine environment is complex because of the variety of corrosion processes. Among them, the most special is the wide variety of marine organisms, including microorganisms, plants and animals. A large part of the material corrosion that occurs in the marine environment is related to the interaction between materials and marine organisms. Researchers have identified two main mechanisms which are microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) and marine biological contamination respectively.
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5 f1 h) q. Y% Z2 V% V概述:海洋防腐蚀防污研究方法
0 X/ v' |+ R9 `: J(1)杀菌增效剂
! f8 P* b! g4 u& a" D2 h在控制和预防SRB和IOB引起的MIC方面，杀菌剂增效剂是应用最广泛的化学制剂之一，它可以分散或破坏生物膜，使固着菌变为浮游菌，从而使杀菌剂更容易接触并杀死这些细菌
Overview: Marine anti-corrosion and anti-fouling approaches
(1) Biocidal synergist
In the control and prevention of MIC caused by SRB and IOB, biocide synergist is one of the most widely used chemical agents, which can disperse or disrupt biofilms and change the sequestered bacteria into planktonic bacteria, thus making it easier for biocides to reach and kill these bacteria.


7 T3 F3 @" z& H# L" T. y$ d(2)具有自抛光共聚物和可降解聚合物的防污释放涂料
目前最流行的粘合剂是自抛光共聚物(SPC)。在SPC中,硅基/铜/锌酯侧基水解生成亲水表面，然后通过水流打磨去除附着的生物污垢，同时释放携带的防污剂，以控制生物膜中微生物的活性。
. d# T1 _1 I: c* l* o& v& b3 |/ M# A(2) Antifouling coatings with self-polishing copolymers and degradable polymers
) F9 Q2 c9 F1 |: [/ \The most popular adhesive is self-polishing copolymer (SPC). In SPC, the silyl/copper/zinc ester side groups are hydrolyzed to generate a hydrophilic surface, which is then polished by water flow to remove the adhering biofouling while releasing the carried antifouling agent to control the microbial activity in the biofilm.

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(3)外电场
  F0 w( J6 V9 R: W; t) o4 T基于外电场在生物膜中的积极作用，一些像压电材料这样能自身产生微电场的电活性材料可以作为潜在的预防微生物感染和生物污染的材料。
(3) External electric field
Based on the positive role of external electric field in biofilms, some electroactive materials like piezoelectric materials that can generate their own microelectric field can be used as potential materials for preventing microbial infection and biofouling.


(4)导电聚合物
9 s+ z; v% P8 s/ ?/ O由于材料表面生物膜在海洋环境中的电活性，导电聚合物因其特殊的导电特性被认为是预防海洋腐蚀和生物污染的潜在材料。
(4) Conductive polymers
Due to the electrical activity of biofilm on the material surface in the marine environment, conductive polymers are considered as potential materials for the prevention of marine corrosion and biofouling due to their special conductive properties.
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; Z2 X4 a6 P0 z2 {+ Y结论与展望
* Z, l! [) M; {- Q微生物腐蚀和材料的生物污染是引起海洋环境中使用的设备结构损坏和失效的两大原因。因此，预防MIC和生物污染的策略主要集中在控制生物膜中微生物的活性、生物的粘附和生物膜的形成。新材料或新技术与传统杀菌剂或防污剂通过协同作用进行配合，以减少其用量，同时达到较好的杀菌效果。在此基础上，综述了四方面的研究方法:
0 V# B. ~& h# |4 R(1)开发一种能分散生物膜的杀菌剂增效剂，以增强传统杀菌剂的杀菌效果。
(2)改性的自抛光共聚物和新发明的可降解聚合物提高了防污释放涂料的性能。
1 P% R  Y6 [0 \8 b(3)利用外电场与杀菌剂协同作用，破坏生物膜，防止腐蚀和生物污染。
(4)引入导电聚合物，利用其导电特性防止腐蚀和生物污染。
2 [# Y* k; L- S& n4 lConclusion and outlook
Microbial corrosion and biological contamination of materials are the two major causes of structural damage and failure of equipment used in marine environments. Therefore, strategies to prevent MIC and biofouling are focused on controlling microbial activity in biofilms, adhesion of organisms and biofilm formation. New materials or technologies are used in conjunction with traditional biocides or antifoulants through synergistic effects to reduce their dosage while achieving better biocidal effects. On this basis, four research approaches are reviewed:
- ~9 q# i3 I6 F4 I: L9 f& R(1) Development of a biocide synergist that can disperse biofilm to enhance the bactericidal effect of traditional biocides.
% F! I! O/ g1 r' o4 U. T(2) Modified self-polishing copolymers and newly invented degradable polymers to improve the performance of antifouling release coatings.
% P( w# U  u7 G# n! J- t+ S7 R(3) The synergistic use of external electric field with biocides to destroy biofilm and prevent corrosion and biological contamination.
+ H1 Y) |. f0 d9 ^; ^  x; P) }(4) Introduction of conductive polymers to prevent corrosion and biofouling by using their conductive properties.

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因此，在复杂的海洋环境下，寻找高效、寿命长、实施过程简单、成本低、环境友好的方法和材料是未来海洋MIC和生物污染防治的发展趋势。
Therefore, the search for efficient, long-life, simple-implementation-process, low-cost and environment-friendly methods and materials in complex marine environments is the future trend of marine MIC and biofouling prevention.