高洪：《中日和平友好条约》为新时代发展中日关系树立了法律规范（节选）

《中日和平友好条约》是两国在新时期和平相处、友好相待的根本保障。对未来的中日关系而言，《中日和平友好条约》的规范作用主要体现为以下三点：

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The China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship is a guarantee for peaceful and friendly bilateral relations between the two nations. The treaty’s regulating functions pertaining to future China-Japan relations primarily are the following：

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首先，“和平友好”是两国关系发展的永恒主题。中国希望日本继续走和平发展道路，同时自身也必将坚定不渝地走和平发展道路。这是中国政府和人民做出的战略抉择，而非权宜之计。

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First, peace and friendship will always remain the theme of China-Japan relations. China is committed to peace and progress and hopes Japan to continue to follow the peaceful development road. This is a strategic decision, not a policy of expedience on the part of the Chinese government and people.

中国文化自古以来就孕育着“和为贵”的基因，“己所不欲，勿施于人”是中华文化的信条。中国是奉行独立自主外交政策的社会主义国家，和平共处五项原则是中国外交政策的根本原则。

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Peace-loving is in the blood of the Chinese people. The tenet of the Chinese culture is that a person does not make others suffer from what she or he dislikes. China is a socialist country whose independent foreign policy is based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

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即便如此，日本战略派对中国的不信任甚至恐惧不会轻易消失，甚至按照英国华威大学教授克里斯托弗·休斯的判断，“日本决策者判断中国意图的能力正在逐渐减弱，对自己通过政治、经济接触塑造中国的能力失去信心”。

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Nonetheless, people of the strategist school in Japan will never desist from distrusting and even fearing China. Moreover, according to Professor Chris Hughes of University of Warwick in Britain, Japanese decision-makers are losing their capability in judging China’s intention. Increasingly they show a weakening of confidence in their ability to shape China through political and economic interactions.

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因此出现了日本的“不确定的战略意图”和 “怨恨的现实主义”。但是，发展两国关系的确需要日本消除“中国发展了，自己就会变弱”的零和博弈心态，消除“中国发展后，必然要向日本挑战”的误判与顾虑，真正认识到在历史问题上，中国强调牢记历史并不是要延续仇恨，而是要以史为鉴、面向未来，珍爱和平、维护和平，让中日两国人民世世代代友好下去。

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Consequentially, opinions such as uncertain strategic intention and realism of resentment have emerged in Japan. However, to develop bilateral relations, Japanese people should abandon their zero-sum game mentality that Japan will be weakened as China grows stronger. They should abandon the misconceptions and worries that if China is developed, China will challenge Japan. China emphasizes the importance of remembering the past, not to prolong hatred. Instead China advocates learning from the history, looking into the future, cherishing and safeguarding peace, and pushing for eternal friendship between the two countries.     

其次，中国永远不会称霸。中日两国旗帜鲜明地将“反霸条款”写入《中日和平友好条约》，是对两国自身的约束，共同承担不谋求霸权的义务，同时反对其他任何国家或国家集团谋求霸权。这在当时有力地推动了日本人民开展的反霸权主义斗争，在今天则通过自我约束给亚太地区的和平与稳定增添了新的内涵。随着政治多极化和经济全球化趋势的发展，霸权主义和强权政治越来越不得人心，包括中国在内的任何大国都要受到客观条件的制约，不称霸不单是中国真诚的愿望，也是顺应时代潮流的必然结果。

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Second, China will never seek hegemony. China and Japan explicitly included the anti-hegemony clause in their peace treaty, which acts as a self-control and promulgation that the two countries never seek after and demur to hegemony. The treaty strongly supported the Japanese anti-hegemony movement at the time. Today, as a self-control principle, it instills new meanings to peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region. With political multipolar development and economic globalization on the rise, hegemonism and power politics are losing their support. Any major countries including China are checked by objective conditions not to seek hegemony which is not only China’s sincere   hopes but is also a historic inevitability.      

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最后，要维护条约尊严，确保两国关系行稳致远。《中日和平友好条约》为中日友好合作关系的全面发展奠定了政治基础和法律基础，其中包含两重含义。一方面，该条约前言明确指出：“1972年9月29日签署的《中日联合声明》是两国间和平友好关系的基础，联合声明所表明的各项原则应予严格遵守”，从而使《中日联合声明》与《中日和平友好条约》形成一个完整的体系。

Finally to honor the treaty will ensure long-term and steady bilateral relations. The treaty lays the political and legal ground for developing all-round friendly cooperation between the two countries. It includes two meanings. On one hand, its preface clearly states that the Joint Communique of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Japan signed on September 29, 1972 serves as a ground for peace and friendship and no violation of it shall be tolerated. Thus the communiqué and the treat constitute an integrated system.   

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另一方面，《中日和平友好条约》分别由中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和日本国会众参两院审议、批准，正式生效，将建交后快速发展的中日关系纳入各自法制体系。可以说，是否从法律的高度认识条约的作用，恰恰是检验是否真心发展中日关系的试金石。诚如刘江永所言：“中日两国应遵守的国际规则和国际法基础究竟是什么？中方立场十分清楚，就是《中日和平友好条约》等中日两国政府发布或接受的各项相关文件和国际协议。但是，日本政府却不时地把1951年9月8日签署的《旧金山和约》作为处理中日关系问题的法律依据。”

On the other hand, the peace treaty became officially in effect after being ratified by the National People’s Congress of China and the National Diet of Japan, becoming part of the legal framework of the two countries. The touchstone of a bona fide China-Japan relationship is whether the peace treaty has been perceived as law. Liu Jiangyong, professor at Tsinghua University, spoke on what international rule and international law basis China and Japan should abide by. China always insists the China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship as well as other related documents and international treaties promulgated or accepted by the two governments are the legal basis in regard to bilateral relations, whereas Japan employs San Francisco Peace Treaty as the legal foundation of its decision about China-Japan relations at times.  

此外，从国际法发展的视角来讲，《中日和平友好条约》既是《联合国宪章》与和平共处五项原则的具体体现，也为国际条约谈判与缔结提供了一个成功范例。

Besides, from the perspective of international law development, the peace treaty not only embodies the spirit of the UN Charter and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, but also sets an example of successful negotiations and cementing international treaties.

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《中日和平友好条约》是两个国际法主体间缔结的协议，按照条约的法律性质而言，中日坚持将“反对霸权”写入条约，无疑是对国际秩序与规则的补充和更新，也因此带有“造法性条约”意义上的创新性质，同时也包含“契约性条约”所带有的按原有国际法规则要求的具体权利义务关系。任何用中国并不承认、接受的《旧金山和约》取代或置换《中日和平友好条约》的企图，都是对中日关系大局的干扰和破坏，其结果也只能造成认识上混乱和两国关系的倒退。

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The China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship is an agreement between two international legal entities. From a legal perspective, China and Japan’s anti-hegemonism in the treaty undeniably supplements and amends the world order and international rules. Therefore, the treaty includes innovation, a characteristic of law-making treaty, and relationship between concrete rights and duties required by international law, a characteristic of contractual treaty. Any attempt to replace the China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship with San Francisco Peace Treaty is obstructive and deleterious to China-Japan relations, leading to confusion and regress of bilateral relations.

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文章来源：日本学刊

作者：高洪  全国政协委员、察哈尔学会国际咨询委员会委员，中国社会科学院日本研究所前所长

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