登录
赤潮的危害 The Harm of Red Tide赤潮对海洋生态系统的影响主要有以下四个方面: ①赤潮生物是指能够大量繁殖并引发赤潮的生物，其最主要的营养方式是光合自养，故当赤潮生物开始暴发性增殖时，会消耗水体中大量的二氧化碳，使海水的 p H 值逐渐升高，影响其他海洋生物的正常生长与繁殖; ②大量的赤潮生物聚集，遮蔽海面，严重降低海水的透明度，导致海洋生物( 尤其是海藻和底栖动物等) 无法获取充足的阳光，可严重危害海洋生物的生存; ③赤潮生物会产生黏液，这些黏液往往会附着在鱼类和贝类等动物的鳃上，导致其呼吸困难，甚至窒息死亡; ④有些赤潮生物会产生毒素，毒素可以导致各种海洋生物的死亡。 The impacts of red tide on the marine ecosystem are mainly in the following four aspects. Firstly, when red tide organisms begin to proliferate, they consume a large amount of carbon dioxide in the water, which gradually increases the pH value of seawater and affects the normal growth and reproduction of other marine organisms. Secondly, a large number of red tide organisms will gather and cover the sea surface, which will seriously endanger the survival of marine organisms because they reduce the transparency of seawater and prevent marine organisms (especially seaweeds and benthic animals) from getting sufficient sunlight. Thirdly, red tide organisms will produce mucus, which will cause fish and shellfish and other animals to have difficulty in breathing and even suffocate. Fourthly, some red tide organisms will produce poisonings which can lead to the death of various marine organisms. 赤潮对人类社会的影响 Impacts of Red Tide on Human Society赤潮灾害不仅打破海洋生态系统的平衡，还对人类的健康和经济活动造成巨大的影响。 The red tide disaster not only breaks the balance of marine ecosystem but also has a great impact on human health and economic activities. 通过食物链进入人体，威胁人类的健康和生命安全 Entering Human Bodies through the Food Chain and Threatening Health and Life Safety一些有毒赤潮生物分泌的毒素尽管不会直接导致海洋动物死亡，但是这些赤潮生物被海洋动物摄取后，经食物链的传递，最终进入人体，进而对人类的健康和生命安全造成威胁。这类毒素通常称为“贝毒”。迄今为止，从赤潮生物中已分离出 200 多种毒素，包括麻痹性贝类毒素、腹泻性贝类毒素、记忆缺失性贝毒、神经性贝类毒素以及西加鱼毒素等，随着人们对赤潮毒素的日益关注，近年来不断有新的毒素被发现，如米氏凯伦藻等能够产生具有溶血活性或细胞毒性的物质，接触后会损伤鱼鳃组织。 Although the toxins secreted by some toxic red tide organisms do not directly cause the death of marine animals, when these red tide organisms are ingested by marine animals and eventually enter the human body through the food chain, they will pose a threat to human health and life safety. These toxins are often referred to as “shellfish poisoning”. To date, more than 200 toxins have been isolated from red tide organisms, including paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrheal shellfish poisoning, ASP, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning. With the growing concern about red tide poisoning, new poisonings have been discovered in recent years. For example, Karenia mikimotoi can produce substances with hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity that can damage fish gill tissues. 对海洋渔业养殖和海洋旅游业造成重大损失 Significant Losses to Marine Fishery and Marine Tourism每年赤潮暴发都会造成巨大的经济损失，尤其是对海产养殖业造成重创。例如 2012 年 5—6 月，在福建沿海大规模暴发的米氏凯伦藻赤潮，使养殖鲍鱼大面积死亡，经济损失达 20 亿人民币，这也是我国历史上有害赤潮造成经济损失最为严重的一次。此外，赤潮对海洋旅游业也产生一定的影响。近岸海域暴发赤潮会导致海水变色，大量赤潮生物堆积岸边严重影响了滨海景观; 而且赤潮生物会释放毒素或有毒气体、产生黏液导致水质恶化，人体皮肤接触之后会产生不适， 可严重妨碍水上休闲活动。 Every year, the outbreaks of red tide can cause huge economic losses, especially to the marine agriculture. For example, a massive outbreak of red tide of Karenia mikimotoi in the coastal areas of Fujian Province in 2012 from May to June caused a widespread death of cultured abalone, resulting in an economic loss of 2 billion RMB. And it was the most serious economic loss caused by harmful red tide throughout the history of China. In addition, red tide also has an impact on marine tourism. The outbreak of red tide in coastal waters will lead to the discoloration of seawater, and the accumulation of a large number of red tide organisms on the shores will seriously affect the coastal landscapes. Moreover, red tide organisms will release poisonings or toxic gases and produce mucus deteriorating the water quality, which will bring skin-related discomfort to human beings and seriously hinder water leisure activities. 赤潮的防治 The Prevention and Control of Red Tide赤潮作为一种突发性强、致灾面积广的全球性海洋生态灾害，其发生机制、监测预防、治理技术等一直是世界各国研究的重点。由于赤潮的发生机制尚未清楚，治理赤潮灾害主要采取“预防为主，防治结合”的策略。目前治理技术大都处于理论或实验室阶段，且每种方法都有其自身局限性。 As a global marine ecological disaster characteristic of sudden and wide damage, the occurrence mechanism and monitoring, prevention and management technologies of red tide have been the focus of research in the world. Since its occurrence mechanism is not yet clear, the strategy of “prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control” is mainly adopted to manage it. Most of the current management techniques are not applied in reality, and all of them have their own limitations. 赤潮治理技术 Red Tide Management Techniques赤潮治理技术包括物理法、化学法、生物法。 Red tide management techniques are adopted physically, chemically and biologically. 物理法 Physical Technique 是利用物理手段以达到消灭或驱散赤潮生物的方法，主要包括隔离、机械搅动、超声波、紫外线、过滤以及吸附等。物理法方法简单，无二次污染，但是对密度低、底层的赤潮生物效果不佳，且成本太高，不宜大面积使用。因此，物理法的实际可操作性不高，一般作为应急措施。 Physical technique means using physical means to achieve the elimination or dispersal of red tide organisms, mainly including isolation, mechanical stirring, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, filtration and adsorption. The physical method is simple and will not result in secondary pollution, but it is not effective for low-density red tide organisms which are in the bottom layer, and the cost is too high to be used in a large scale. Therefore, the physical method has low operability and is generally considered as a contingency measure. 化学法 Chemical Technique是利用化学药剂和絮凝物来抑制或杀死赤潮生物。该方法操作简单、见效快， 是目前使用最广泛的方法。但是，要注意化学方法在药效持久力、对非赤潮生物的影响、药物残留、二次污染等方面存在的问题。①化学药剂杀灭法: 化学药剂大多通过抑制赤潮生物生理过程来抑制其生长繁殖，或通过破坏细胞结构直接杀死赤潮生物。②絮凝物沉淀法: 是利用胶体的化学性质将赤潮生物聚集沉淀，然后打捞去除。絮凝物包括无机絮凝物、有机絮凝物、天然矿物絮凝物和微生物絮凝物。 Chemical technique means using chemical agents and flocculants to inhibit or kill red tide organisms. This method is the most widely used one because of its simple and quick features. However, the problems of chemical methods in terms of durability, impacts on non-red tide organisms, drug residues, secondary pollution and so on should be noticed. It consists of two detailed method. The first one is the chemical agent method which means using chemical agents to inhibit the growth and reproduction of red tide organisms by suppressing their physiological processes or kill them directly by destroying their cell structure. The second one is the flocculation and precipitation method which utilizes the properties of colloids to precipitate red tide organisms in order to remove them. The floccules include inorganic floccules, organic floccules, natural mineral floccules and microbial floccules. 生物法 Biological Technique是利用生物之间的相互作用以达到抑制或消灭赤潮的目的。该方法材料选择广阔，不会对环境造成污染，但必须充分考虑所选择的生物对海域生态系统的影响。主要原理是: ①发挥生物间的竞争关系，在赤潮发生海域种植或引入与引发赤潮的生物存在竞争关系的大型植物或其他非赤潮生物；②利用赤潮生物间的拮抗作用，利用一种赤潮生物去抑制另一种赤潮生物( 如异弯藻能抑制骨条藻繁殖)；③利用微生物主要是溶藻细菌，它通过释放杀死赤潮生物的物质，或破坏细胞的结构，或进入赤潮生物细胞内杀死细胞，或和赤潮生物竞争营养物质以达到抑制赤潮的作用，“以菌治藻”在赤潮治理中具有巨大的潜力与广阔的应用前景。 Biological technique means making use of the interaction between organisms to achieve the purpose of suppressing or eliminating red tide. This method has a wide source of materials and does not cause pollution to the environment, but the impact of the selected organisms on the marine ecosystem must be fully considered. The method is effective based on the following principles. The first one is the competition between organisms. The second one is the antagonism between red tide organisms, using one red tide organism to inhibit another, and the inhibition of the reproduction of skeletonema from Heterosigma akashiwo can be a convictive case. The third one is to take advantage of microorganisms, especially algicidal bacteria, to inhibit red tide by releasing substances that can kill red tide organisms by destroying the structure of their cells, or by entering their cells to kill them, or by competing with red tide organisms for nutrients. All in all, “solving red-tide algae with bacteria” has a great potential and a broad application prospects in red tide management. 赤潮监测技术 Red Tide Monitoring Technologies赤潮的突发性和形成原因的复杂性导致赤潮预测预报困难，为了有效地减少赤潮灾害造成的经济损失，需要不断开发新的监测技术。赤潮监测技术主要是基于对赤潮生物密度、叶绿素、营养盐、微量元素、pH、盐度、温度以及水文气象因子等参数的检测和分析。目前，主要使用的监测技术有浮标监测、船载监测、航空遥感监测以及卫星遥感监测。 In order to effectively reduce the economic loss caused by red tide, new monitoring technologies need to be developed because it is difficult to predict the appearance of red tide due to its abruptness and complication. Red tide monitoring technology is mainly based on the detection and analysis of parameters such as biological density of red tide organisms, chlorophyll, nutrient salts, trace elements, pH, salinity, temperature, and hydro-meteorological factors. At present, the main monitoring technologies include buoy monitoring, shipboard monitoring, aerial remote sensing monitoring and satellite remote sensing monitoring. |
